Production of colloidal material



June 29 1926. 1,590,596 E. TAYLOR ET AL PRODUCTION OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL Filed Oct. 8, 1920 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 E INVENTOR wa an 87' m m ,4. H.

BY fia'ATTORNEY o IW/Q/ June 29 1926.

E. TAYLOR ET AL PRODUCTION OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL Filed Oct. 8, 1920 2 Sheets-Shoot 2 INVENTOR Eclzuzn 7& (or.

' ggzaard A. gigzndlen 0 I BY MATTORNEY I Patented June 29, 1926.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

EDWIN TAYLOR AND EDWARD F. CHANDLER, OF BROOKLYN, AND THOMAS A. HILL, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNORS TO TAYLOR LABORATORIES INC., OF NEW YORK,

N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

PRODUCTION OF GOLLOIDAL MATERIAL.

Application filed October 8, 1920. Serial No. 415,468.

The invention relates to improvements in the production of colloidal material and more particularly cellulose in non-fibrous and non-cellular form. According to our invention We are able to produce films or other bodies of non-fibrous cellulose which are not only tough, and flexible, but which are either transparent or have various surface and color effects as desired and in a sim ple and eflicient manner.

As an example of a preferred embodiment of our improvements we dissolve suitable cellulosic material in a cupro-ammonia or metal ammonia solution, and then subject a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation, thereby causing the mass to thicken and preferably to such an extdnt that it will substantially retain its sha e during handling and we then subject t e same to electrolytic action to remove solvent constituents therefrom electrolytically. The sheet or layer or other formed body of the cellulose, which is non-cellular and nonfibrous, may then be washed and dried for use or treated in many different ways to form useful products.

In practicing the invention it is preferable to employ a solution of the utmost concentration and uniform density which may be prepared for example, by dissolving cotton or other organic material of suitable nature in a cupro-ammoniurn solution. To this solution, for the purpose of still further increasing the dissolved cotton content, the hydrate of some metal other than copper (nickel for example) may be added and subsequently more cotton. resulting ultimately in a highly concentrated solution containing the greatest possible quantity of organic material. By employing a plural metal h (lrate solution it will be understood, t 6 quantity of organic material, dissolved will be considerably in excess of that, for a given quantity of the single solution. The solution should be carefully filtered and to insure its uniform density and hydrosol movement it should be repeatedly passed through fine screens or otherwise treated.

The solution is then refer-ably more or less dried out by treating the same with warm air. This treatment upon being carried to a sufiicient extent, we believe transfers the solution from the hydrosol condition to the hydrogel condition and during this transfer we endeavor, according to one form of our improvements, to prevent erratic coalescense or setting up of uneven stralns which would disadvantageouslyaffeet the resulting product for certain purposes. The evaporation is therefore preferably continued slowly and uniformly.

A convenient method of handling the solution While it is assuming, or preparatory to its assuming the hydrogel state, is to flow the solution on a smooth level surface, governlng the thickness of the flowed material 111 any suitable manner, as for instance by means of a dam, although it would be within the scope of the present application to so flow the solution, as to cause it to assume any definite dimension during the controlled formative period. To insure against disruption of the finished product great care should be exercised in applying or flowing the solution on the surface or support, the desired effect being likened to the unreeling of a sheet of fluid of the desired width and thickness. That is to say, the fluid should be applied in a single, progressive flow from a means adapted to supply the same evenly and uniformly, without ripples or disturbances, either of the surface or mass. If for instance the liquid is applied in narrow widths and allowed to flow together, streaks and irregularities follow as a result of the difference in density, eta, developed during said flowing together. The colloid solution must be poured uniformly and at such a speed and in such manner that a minimum disturbance of the viscous mass results. Care should be taken to avoid unequal density due to unequal exposure, etc. Excessive vibration gives a distinct striation caused by strains set up in nodular lines generally geometric in pattern. Where such a striated or patterned appearanceis desired 1t may be produced in this manner. Heavy shocks cause disruption of the hydrogel and coalescing occurs in spots much akin to the rupture of the strands of a net. Unequal evaporation or other erratic removal of the solution constituents tend to set up drying stresses which result in striations or disruptions of the film produced. It will be understood that what might be termed the ventilation during the evaporation period must be adjusted to the condition it is desired to meet. Air for instance flowing over a long stri of liquid from one side,v will naturall e ect the exposed surface unequal- 1y, also if considerable moisture is present in the air or other fluid, passing over the surface, certain of the fluid constituents to'be removed will be left behind entirely or only partially removed so that for example, the surface of the colloidal solution may be influenced detrimentally by the rapid evaporation say, of ammonia and the precipitation of moisture due to the reduction of surface temperature, etc. Such conditions are liable to cause the material to film over, producing afproduct of varying densities and generally 0 uneven surface. Undue variations in temperature must be avoided. Heat causes separation and precipitation of the metallic constituent resulting in a discoloration of the film. In protectin the film against disturbin physical and c emical changes it is deeme im ortant also to exclude direct sunlight. X film blackened during the formation period by heat or other disturbance, results in a spotted, mottled and porous product. However for some purposes such a product may not only be useful but desirable. A low temperature causes freezing and total disruption. Best results have so far been obtained when operating at a temperature of about 80 F.

Preferably the material is dried by dry air from above, ently moving in every direction alternate y, as by oscillating currents. This should be continued until the product is formed (hard). At least the treatment should be continued until the product assumes a semi-solid condition so that it may be conveniently handled without materially loosing or changing its shape. The evaporation or formation, when handled on a surface or support, is from the top, protecting the coalescing hydrogel beneath. The initial surfacing or filming over, serves as a protective layer during the continued drying operation or operations, which are continued until the hydrosol activities have stopped, otherwise during subsequent operations this under or interior ortion of the filnr coalesces or precipitates irregularly resulting in a hard surface film having a soft matt finish due to the softer portion diffusing light instead of directly transmitting it. ThlS product is analogous to ground glass and as will be appreciated has many applications in the arts. A peculiarity will be noted in producing this material which tends to differentiate it from other colloidal products in that there is a well defined intermediate stage between the preliminary drying eriod during the true ormation rocess and the subsequent drying period during the final or finishing process.

The preliminary drying period which will herein oftenbe referred to as the primary drying period embraces the steps from the moment the original solution is flowed or otherwise caused to approximate the dimensions of the desired film or sheet, and while still in the hydrosol condition to the moment when hydrosol activity ceases. Throughout this period there is a radual though uniform shrinkage until t e secondary period sets in and the true hydrogel condition exists, the product then appearing as a translucent film or mass colored according to the metallic constitutents present. If the treatment is stopped at this stage, the said trans lucent material, if kept wet, will retain its characteristics apparently, indefinitely. To continue the process of production however, this film or mass is subjected to a process of metal removal which is accompanied by a very decided shrinkage of the mass, resulting in a translucent white, tough and elastic material of great commercial importance. It will remain in this condition as lon as it is in contact with a body of water. uring the secondary drying period the material gradually gives up its moisture, until a hard substantially transparent and clear film re mains, resembling in appearance celluloid, etc. From this it will be noted that there is a gradual shrinkage prior to the very pronounced shrinkage which takes place during the metal removal after which the greater shrinkage during the final stage is between the faces in the case of a film.

If the complete drying out is attempted while the film is in contact with the smooth supporting surface, or otherwise held in longitudinal and lateral restraint it will split into curvilinear fragments.

The removal of the metallic content may be accomplished in a variety of ways. A dilute acid (sulphuric, etc.) may be flowed over the surface of the film while on its support and the metal dissolved more or less completely resulting in a film havin an acid coagulated surface and is not resolu le in its original solvent. This product is well adapted for use as a permeable membrane, porous base, etc. Preferably however, the film containing the metal, is stripped off and placed between the electrodes of a cell containing an electrolyte which will not coagulate the film, and the metal removed by the action of an electric current. This results in a film that is resoluble in the original solvent and hence is characterized by this im portant difference from those products which have been acid coagulated. A similar result follows the use of a suitable anode material as the aforesaid smooth supporting surface on which the solution is flowed, the whole being immersed in a suitable electrolyte, in which a cathode is placed. Upon the passage of an electric current, the metal is deposited on the cathode leaving the cellulose associated with the anode, in the white translucent form previously noted.

The film may be originally carried or formed on a metallic support, such as a plate or continuous belt, etc., or on a glass plate having a suitable metallic coating, (silver for instance), adapted to serve as an anode, the setting of the film allowed to proceed under the above condition until the protective film has formed and the activity of the particles beneath it reduced to any desired point. The film carried on its support may now be gently immersed in a suitable electrolyte which may be acid, alkaline or neutral, (preferably ammonium nitrate) and a current passed from the supporting anode through the partially formed film to a suitable cathode whereby the organic material is deposited on the anode layer by layer toward the outer surface, the metallic solution constituent being correspondingly deposited on the cathode, and any remaining volatile solution constituent released by the electrolyte virtually as described in the method of Taylor and Chandler application Ser. No. 314,102 filed July 29, 1919. It has been shown herein that the partially formed film may be striped from its upport while still carrying its metallic constituents. This condition may be taken advantage of, the stripped film being fed through a suitable cell in which the film itself acts as the anode so long as it will pass a current, being continuously fed to keep an active portion of the material under electrolytic influence. The film passing in, for instance, carrying the metallic constituents and passing out, of the cell free or substantially free from metal, etc.

By employing a series of cells all traces of metal may be removed, the subsequent cell or cells, being equipped with both anode and cathode, between which the film, which now, is not so good a conductor, passes and is subjected to electrolytic action, as will be understood. Or, the film may be dried sufficiently to strip from the supporting medium and the metallic content removed by passing the film or plate between electrodes in a suitable acid, alkaline or neutral electrolyte and passing an electric current through both the film and electrolyte thereby removing and recovering the metallic element or elements by continued osmosis and electroylsis as disclosed in the application by Taylor, Ser. No. 364,980 filed Mar. 11, 1920.

The variation of product that may be formed by departing from the above condition are numerous. If the film or plate be thoroughly and rapidly dried on one face, as by oscillating large volumes of warm dry air over the surface, a tough nniform coat may be rapidly formed over the still viscous hydrosol mass beneath. If this material be now immersed in rather strong acid, the osmotic action set up is suflicient to seriously disturb (and disrupt) the coalescing of the colloid particles, which in stead of firmly cohering seem to precipitate in a more or less granular form with but slight adherence between the granules. The resulting film after drying is a composite one, characterized by a tough, transparent outer layer with a soft translucent under layer adhering to it, the whole resembling ground glass or in thin films, highly glazed tissue paper. This material is most suitable where diffused light effects are desired as in tracing fabric, transparencies, blue prints, etc.

The films obtained by any of the above methods are characterized by being white and translucent when wet, by great shrinkage through from face to face while drying (generally under tension) and by the fact that their ability to absorb water after this first drying is greatly reduced, the films or plates never swelling again to their original dimensions.

The films after the first drying may be soaked in water for long periods or may be boiled in water without causing perceptible chemical change and without substantially increasing the amount of water absorbed above that taken up initially. The films may be repeatedly wet and dried returning to their dried dimensions each time, unless subject to undue strains while drying. This ability to absorb only so much water and then only when in contact with a volume of it is the so called solid solution state. It will be understood that the above observations apply more particularly to highly surfaced transparent films, the transparency of which is merely a light effect and which is obtained by preventing uneven coalescing of the colloid particles. -F or some products,

imitation leathers for instance, opaque materials having definitely varied or gralned surfaces are more desirable.

These effects may be obtained by systematially disrupting the continuity of the colloid solutions during coalescing or setting. If the colloid be flowed in a rather thick layer over a supporting surface and a thin protection film formed by controlled dry air currents and the colloid mass subjected to mechanical shocks or vibrations, say by rapid tapping on the under surface of the supporting means at a number of equally spaced points, geometric designs or figures may be produced in the body and on the surface of the colloid. These figures are due to different densities of the colloid caused by unequally vibrating the particles While in transition from the hydrosol to the solid state.

Another variation may be made by allowing dry air to flow in one direction across the surface of the colloid solution until a film has formed partly across the surface.

By means of a sudden jar or shock to the supporting member, this film may be disrupted and cause to contract and draw across the surface of the viscous mass beneath. The result of this contraction, which also affects the coalescence of the particles beneath the surface, is to setup a series of more or less parallel waves or ridges of coalesced material interspersed with layers in which the colloid is disrupted and more or less porous. By repeating the above operation at regular intervals, a material may be obtained in sheets as large as required and with a peculiar waved surface and structure, which may now be deprived of its metallic content, and after passing through operations described later will be found to possess many of the properties of well tanned pliable leather.

By flowing the colloid on a support, part. of the surface of which has the properties of an anode for instance, a lass plate on i which silver or platinum has een deposited in a connected design, uniformly exposing the surface of the colloid to a dryl atmosphere until the hydrosol activity as been reduced to a minimum, flooding the surface with any desired electrolyte say a neutral one, and passing an electric current through the colloid from the anode portions of the support to a cathode, the colloid in the path of the current may be deposited on the anode surface after which the viscous colloid may be allowed to coalesce by drying and t e metal removed, or the electrolyte may be run off and be replaced by an acid bath whereby the remaining colloid is coagulated and the metallic constituent removed. In the case of a cellulose cupro-ammonia solution, the product obtained by this last method is a composite one, characterized by the fact that the cellulose deposited on the anode surface is resoluble in the original solvent while that coagulated by the acid is not. This process opens a field for'still further varying the finished product by partially or entirely dissolving the deposited cellulose before finally finishing the product.

By the use of an anode-cell in place of a metallic anode, various products may be made not obtainable in any other way.

These anode-cells may be also considered as a means for transmitting electrical energy over wide surfaces without the use of expensive unattacked metallic electrodes of platinum, etc.

They consist essentially of a closed box or trough one surface of which is covered with a porous or permeable membrane such as the acid coagulated cellulose described above. In one form, the interior of the box is' filled with an electrolyte holding colloidal graphite in suspension, electrical contact being made by an insulated conductor through the side of the box, said conductor terminating in a carbon plate or series of plates. The colloid graphite serves to diffuse the electrical current, while the permeable membrane offers but slight resistance to its passage and at the same time retains even the most finely divided graphite on the principle that one colloid cannot pass through another.

If a colloid solution, say cupro-ammoniacellulose be brought in contact with the membrane side of one of these cells, and a current passed to a suitable cathode, pure cellulose will be deposited uniformly on the membrane surface. If however, the permeable membrane be rendered impermeable both to liquids and to electric currents, at certain spots say by a coating of parafline, it is evident that cellulose will be deposited or acted upon by the current only on those portions of the membrane which are still permeable. As the cellulose deposit increases in thickness, its resistance to the current increases the point of lowest resistance shifting to the sides or edges of the de osited material. This causes deposition 0 cellulose about these ed s thereby causing the deposit to become ar er in area than and to overlap the permealile spots in the membrane. It is evident that if these spots be spaced not too far apart that the cellulose deposits may be made to ultimately join, the result being a coherent film or sheet of cellulose of any desired thickness, characterized by surface markings corresponding to the impermeable portions of the membrane. If for instance, the permeable membrane while dry is passed over a roll indented to represent a grained leather or this design printed on the permeable membrane with oil, varnish, melted paraffine. etc.. it is apparent that on making this printed membrane an anode surface the design may be reproduced in deposited cellulose, silk, etc., with great fidelity. By making a continuous band or belt of this design bearing membrane and using it in conjunction with a drum or other suitable apparatus the above design bearing colloid material me be made continuously.

(grained or design-bearing surfaces may also be preduced by mechanical means by passing any of the films or sheets obtained by the described processes through hot embossing rolls, etc. while the material is damp; but the effect roduced is mechanical and lacks the transihcent safeness of the above deposited material.

By raising the current density above a certain point the metal containing colloid solutions may be caused to deposit their organic base in a more or-less "porous condition. This porosity arises from the mechanical disturbance of the hydrogel by the excess current. Advantage may be taken of this for the production of another matea membrane, stripping ell ver, in which for instance,

rescues rial, by depositing stance, on either a p orous cellulose for inin or a design cove h a? W sing t e same any requlr co or, m dissolved colloid material over one or bo i faces, removing the metallic constituent and .Theresult amore or less opaque material of any 00 or, covered on one or both faces with a transparenticlastic coating and showing a design in relief or otherwise.

Where the colloid base is films or sheets produced byan ods may be nitrated, who

' applicathro h, by protecting one face tionz Taylor Serial 0. 364,980 ed Mar. 11,1920) which face my be glain or bearing a d this face being ter sub ected to the action of volatile solvents, whereby a sheet somewhat resembling celluloi moisture absorbent thropfih art of its ckness and moisture rep on through the remainder of its thickness is obtained. Th absorbent face of these lilms or sheets may be impreirlmted with desired materials, photo a 'c salts for instance, such as chlori 0, rounds, iodide or phosphate of silcase the waterproof backing serves to prevent distortion during developing, washin etc. This product 15 particularly suitab e for blue prints, etc, and for mo picture films, its rate of combustion being ar slower than celluloid on account of the arge amount of un-nitrated cellulose resent.

The films, plates and sheets, nfirodumd b any of the abovemethode are easil an cellulose, the of the methcheaply im reg'nated or sensitized, wi silvet-salts. e film after its first drying and in its tra arent condition is imme in a solution 0 say, nitrate of silver. After 15 or 20 min. immersion the its maximum amount of silver solution. The gohitiohnfladhering tobetlis surfapeflignremoved,

y l ressm o a g and hefilmt rowni t m lution of an soluble salt capable of producing an inso uble salt by combination with silver, such as the chlorides, bromides, or phosphates of ammonia, tassium or sodium or any mixtures of t em, whereby the insoluble silver salt or salts may be directly formed in the substance of the colloid while the latter is in the state of solid solution.

In some cases, particularl where a combination of silver salts in efini proportions is desired for instance one o bromide, to two of iodide, we prefer to first immerse the films or sheets in a solution oontainin solublebromides and iodides in the deal proportions, blotting of or removing the excess, immersing the sheets or film in an excess of say nitrate of silver solution, whereby both the bromide and iodide of silver may be directly formed in the substance of the red 1y dilute solutions of silver y or partly e ofthe ensee film will absorb' carefully flowed use comparativeand of the halotions as with concendeposition of silver iodide bromide, etc, is so heavy that the action oi light is limited to the surface and the removal of anal! silver salt is extremely slow during fixing, etc The best results are secured from a comparatively light deposit of silver throughout the colloid mass. Af-

ter im regnation, the films or sheets are washed in water preferably hot and are then boil I colloid film. We prefler to gen salts in these trated solutions t e to increase the sensitivt dried, ironed and are ready for use. T e products obtained-b3 theseg are exposed, developed, fixe etc, y the same methods, chemicals, etc, as am used for gelatine emulsion films but these operations can be much more re idly cond with these filmsasallthe utionsmaybeused atthe boiling point which is im oseible with gelatino emulsions. It is qui evident, that any aroducts may serve as a base for coating-wi gelatine emulsion when thisis deii ad tage i or e films e van 0 eeeimp is their in ability to stand rough use 0 on account of their inherent toughness an the depth to which they may be scratched or marred without perceptible loss ofimage when projected on a screen, etc.

When-impregnated with colloid ifiolczbzilver, uranium, eta, films made by e ve p have a mide commercial value as for eye-goggles, plates ior opt1cal instruments and r various uses in the arts where materials p g thepeculiar actinic properties of these substances is desirable.

By first. rendering portions of the or sheets impermeable as previously described the remaining rtions may be impregnated with light sensitive salts, or with inert material andman products obtained oigreat commercial ue.

Film or sheets made by the described methods particularly those resolulile in the original solvent may be joined or welded to one another electro easily as by la them on an anodewith the edges slig :5 r separated and rotecting the other expo surfaces by conwith parafline, etc.

A solution of the same organic base as the sheetsto be joined, cellulose, silk, etc, is now between and over the edge for convenience assume cellulose sheets an a cuproammonia-oellulose solution. The cellulose solution should be an unsaturated one in order that the on ro-ammonia may attack and gelatinate e cellulose edges converting them to the hydr state in a few minutes. The cellulose so ution is now exposed'to oscilla 3 air currents until the exposed surface mes the hydmgel state when a neutral electrolyte say ammonium nitrate is flowed over the and'joint andacurrent ugitoasuitable cellulose is deposited becathode where tween the sheets and the dissolved or lab inated cellulose of the sheet w 1 is oposited in situ. The current is continued until a sufiicient cellulose deposit between sheets is obtained after which the are dried preferably under tension and an B36988 cellulose removed by skiving an bufling.

method is to pour concentrated ce ulose solution between the and dry almost com lately by oscilla air currents, after whi the metallic solu on element may be removed by acid solution or by electrolysis. Owing to the fact that the material in this case is insoluble, the joint while good, lacks the homo city of the revious case and breaksun erlees strain therestof the sheet. This welding process is important as it permits of joining sheets or pieces of similar material to form endless belts or continuous strips and it is also of use in 'oining dissimilar materials into various esigns, fabrics, etc.

All of the materials, (produced by above methods may be rendere impervious to water particularly when in the state of solid solution, by impregnating them with insoluble soaps such as the oleates, stearates, plalmitstes, etc. of lime, alumina lead, etc. They may be nitrated after forming, without changing their shapes, washed neutralized and finally treated with volatile solvents, thereb converting them to celluloid-like p ucts having the same eneral contour and dimensions of the original products or they may be'treated with formaldehyde.-

All of the above products have wide and useful commercial applications. WllllB some of them are fireproof the. are all slow burning with the exception o those which have been nitrated after forming and the resistance of the other: to heat or ma be impregna m with well known lii'e-proo solutions such as alum, tu to of soda and the like.

The cellulose produced by electro-deposition on suitable anodeefrom metallic solutions possesses the same chemical composition as did the organic portion of the ori nal fibnous cellulose. It is characterized y being more freely soluble in the same solutions than fibrous or cellular cellulose, the so-called celluloees and viscoses produced b precipitation by aci ntc., insolub e 111 these solutions. 'ng amorphous in structure it is more readily acted u n by reagents, nitric acid, for instance. ere is no ash after incineration, whereas the ash greatly increased from any of the natural or fibrous celluloses, hgnoses, etc. is quite heavy. After the seconda osmotic and electrolytic treatment descri above not even the slightest trace of metallic content can be detected. The final product is pure cellulose in an amorphous condition and as such is entirely new in the arts.

In the Taylor-Chandler p U. 8. Patent Ollice Serial No. 314,102 filed July 29/19 cellulose or other organic material is declare-deposited on suitable anodes b passing an electric current through metallic solutions of cellulose, etc., the metallic content of the solutions being simultaneously de ited on the cathodes.

f the current passed is correctly controlled, the deposited organic material will be entirely free from metallic solution constituents, copper, nickeli zinc, etc., but if heavy currents are passe or if the deposited material be lifted from the cellulom solution, decided amounts of the metals employed may be entrapped in the material or may adhere to the outside from which it is not easily removed by washing.

One object of the present method is to entirely remove all traces of metallic elements from the deposited organic material b submitting the same to a treatment com ining both osmosis and true electrolytic action.

' Broadly s aking the method consists in tightly paclnn the metal-containin material into vesse filled with e suitabe electrolyte passing an electric current through both 6 ectrolyte and cellulose, and causing A the electrolyte to circulate throu h the cellulose and the metallic content to removed from the cellulose and deposited on suitable electrodes.

In the accompan ing drawings Fig. l is a vertical section, argely diagrammatical,

illustrating an apparatus for car ing out our im rovements in one form. ig. 2 is a simiar section through the main tank illustrating a m dification. Fi 3 is a per- ?ective view 0 a film being ftcd from a rying slab. Fi 4 and 6 are vertical sections throu h ectrolytic cells illustrating further 111 'fications.

Referring to F1 l, the apparatus consists of two v or tanks, 1, 2 of any desired cross-section and constructed of nonconducting material such as parafilned wood, vulcanite, etc A bent tube 8, also of n0nconducting material and of a predetermined len h serves to connect tanks 1 and 2 at their upper portions. Tube 3 may be provided at any desired point with a pro ller or um 4, for the mechanical circu ation of hqui in 3. Tanks 1 and 2 are again connected at or near the bottom by a straight tube 5, of non-conducting material. An outlet cock 6, serves to drain both tanks and tube 5, when desired.

llii

the same throughout the mass.

An adjustable anode 7, extends downwardly into tank 1 being held in position by a bracket 8, fitted with a clamping 9. Current is supplied to 7, by a conductin lead 10, from a suitable source of electrlcal energy 11. A cathode 12, provided with an insulating plug 13, is fitted at the bottom of tank 1, and ls connected to electric en source 11, by means of a lead-14. An inner removable 15 of non-conducting material provided wit a porous bottom or diaphragm 1B, referal of felt is fitted with one or more soft ru ber gaskets 17 17' which serve to hold it in position and more particularly serve to prevent any 1e go of current from anode 7 to cathode 12 through the clearance s ace between the walls of vessel 15, and ta 1. Acock18,iseetinthewalloftank1. This cock is provided with an extension 19, projecting well under the diaphragfi 16, by means of which saln lee ma be town at will from the liquid ow 1 Tank 2, is provided near it supper part with an anode 20,,connected by means of lead 21, with a second source of electric euer 25. A cathode 22 withan insulating p ug 23, is laud at the bottom of tank 2 and conneotes by lead 24, to the.source of energy'25. By means of a lead 26, cath- I ode 22 may be made common to both anodes 20 and '1, thereby subjecting liquid in tube 5 to electrolysis during its cyclic passage through both tanks.

The operation of the process is as follows: Tanks 1 and 2 and the-connectin tubes 3, and lilled with a suitabe electrolyte such as dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, or the solution may be alkaline with dilute ammonia, or it may be neutral. We prefer dilute ammonium nitrate.

The vessel 15 is tightly packed with the bodies of dissolved orgllnic material to betreated the material 'ng kept saturated with the desired electrolyte uring ishing. The material may be in an orm, filaments, ribbons, cords, tubes, etc. t e main point being a regularity in packing so that the electrical resistance she] be ractically a mate rial may be electro-deglsited organic matter. The vessel with: contents indicated by 28, is now forced into tank 1, until its contents are well below the level of the liquid in the tank. The anode 7 made of such size and shape that its face tactically covers the mass 28, is now pushe down in vessel 15, until it comes in contact with the mass or is slightly above it, the pain 4 set in o ration to circulate the con uctin liquid in a cyclic path through the cells and 2 in the direction indicated by the arrows, -1.- through the cell 1 in the eral motion from anode to cathode 12. I a current is obliged to travel through the screw path by the tightly fitted gaskets [0 our diaphragm 16 becomln more or as: 4 saturated with it mil its density is thereby is increased. Most of the cop or the like is gradually elect-ro-deposi on the cathode 12. The cellulose mass a permeable membrane, with a li old of di erent density on each side, osmotic action at once takes place and a slow circulation of the electroyte takes lace through both tanks and connecting to es in a dlrection shown by the arrows in the tubes. This circulation is aided by the passage of a second current throu h the liquid in tank 2 from anode 20, to eat ode 22 the as evolved tending to raise the level of e liquid in this tank above that in tank 1. This second current is provided to insure the complete removal of any trace of metallic content iroln the electrolyte and de osition thereof on the cathode 22 before t e electrolyte returns to tank 1. l

Under the combined electrol sis and the osmotic circulation through e cellulose wall or mass, the metallic content is ther oughly removed in a minimum time and is de ted on the cathodes 12, 22, in a conditlonto be readily removed and a ain used. When the eleotro yte below diap ragni 16, is entirely metal-free as determined by samples taken from cook 18, the vessel 15 is refrom tank 1, and a similar one packed as before, inserted. In this way, the process beclomeil practically continuous. materia )8 dried and is ready for further operations.

Fig. 2 shows a modification of the ap aratus, wherein a section of tank 1 is ma e removable by means of flanges 31, 81 and quick actin bolta'82, 82. This modification is intend more particularly for large sheets etc. 33 which are cut to pack snugly into the section, which isv preferablysquare or rectan r, thesetion bein removed as soon as lt8 char is demetalllzed and re laced with a free y charged one. In all 0 or re expects the apparatus and process is the same as in Fig. and all art numbers refer to the same arts in eac Fig. 4 ows a modification of the method. In thls case. a tank 1 of non-conductin material, rubber, glass, water-proofed niece, etc. having an outlet. cock 2, is tightly fitted at suitable distancesfrom its ends, with two transverse partitions or diaphra 3, and 4, of rous material such as f t or of permeabe membrane such as coagulated or electro-depoaited cellulose,

taken from vessel 15, washed and l Ill thereby dividing tank 1, into three com artmonts 5, 6, 7. "These compartments are ed with a. common electrolyte which as before may be acid, alkaline or neutral. Compartment 5 is provided near its end wall with an electrode plate or anode 8, preferably of carbon to which is attached a conductor 9. The electrolyte in com artment 5 contains a. considerable amount 0 colloidal bite in suspension, its object being to i use the electric current durin the passe. of same from anode 8. The iaphragm is placed as far as practicable from the anode in order to aid this diffusion and insure a ractically uniform current density throng) the diaphragm 3. The colloid gra bite owing to its nature is unableto pass rough the diaphragm which also retains any carbon thrown from the carbon anode during the passage of current. Compartment 6 is filled with the material from which metallic constituents are to be removed say plates of cellulose 10. Com artment 7 contains a metallic plate 11, re erably of the same nature as the metal to material. This late serves as a cat ode durin operation means of the conductor 12. t is evident t at a wire screen may be em 10 ed instead of a solid plate for this cat 0 e, though it should cover substantially the cross-sectional area of the cell. also evident that colloidal gzraphite may be employed in compartment to aid in securing a uniform current density through the organic material 10, whereby the comlote removal of metallic solution material rom the same and its deposition on cathode 11, is assured.

Fig. 5 shows an electrolytic cell articularly adapted for the removal of me 1 from large sheets of cellulose at a minimum cost for electrodes and apparatus generall A rather shallow rectangular tank 1, 0 nonconducting material is provided with an outlet-cock 2, and a transverse partition wall 3, extending from the top downwardly toward the bottom. A felt diaphragm, or referably a cellulose membrane is stretched mm the lower ed e of this parallel to the bottom, dividing t a tank 1, into a lower com artment 5, and an upper compartment 6. n the lower compartment 5, and on the bottom of tank 1, are laced a series of can bon plates 8, 8 joined y conductors 9, 9, to a common lead 10.

Compartment 5 is filled u to the diaphragm 4, with any desired e ectrolyte containin colloidal a bite in suspension. CompEr-tment B is t l led to any desired point with an electrolyte which may be similar to the electrolyte in compartment 5 but lacking the sus nded colloid graphite. A removable cat ode ll, of suitable wire-screen, carried on a frame 12, and fitted with conducting meaus 13, is immersed in the elece removed from the or auic' trolyte in compartment 6, parallel to the surface of the diaphragm 4. The sheets of material to be treated 14, 14, are placed on the surface of the dia h and should be of such size that t e l compartment 6, from well to well. n passin acurrent from the anode connection 10, arough the cell the sheets 14, 14 are in a uniform field and any metallic content may be thoroughly removed and deposited on the cathode 11. Any gas liberated from the carbon plates 8 8 is free to pass to the atmosphere through the vent space 15 between the end wall of the tank 1, and its transverse partition 8.

\Ve are thus able to secure a uniform current flow through each square inch of crosssection the electrodes being substantially equal in area to the area of the mm of or nic material.

tis evident that with slight modification of apparatus employed the method ma be applied to a continuous moving band of material, and other modifications may be made and the im rovemcnts embodied in widely dill'erent orms without departing from the spirit and scope thereof in their broader aspects; hence we desire to cover all forms and modifications coming within the langu e or scope of any one or more of the appen ed claims.

What we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:-

1. The process of making films, which consists in dissolving fibrous or cellular organic matter in a solvent composed of gaseous and metallic constituents, removing the gaseous constituents to form the film, and then submitting the film so formed to an electrolytic treatment to remove said metallic constituents.

2. The method of producing cellulose in sheets which consists in flowing the solvent containing the cellulose in solution over a van area approximating the size of the set desired, subjecting the said flowed solvent to'evaporation to increase its viscosity thereby providing a relatively to h Sheet, and then placing t a sheet between tie poles of an electrol ic cell for the separation of the pure ce ulose from the remaining constituents of the said solvent.

3. The method of producing films or sheets of cellulose from a cupro-ammoninm solution containing dissolved cellular or fibrous organic material, which consists in flowing the solution so as to e; cos a relatively wide surface area, with rawing the volatile constituents of the solution thereby increasing its viscosity and causin it to retain substantiall the said our ace area, placing the toug ened or"visoous sheet or film between the poles of an electrolytic cell, whereby the passage of a current throu h the orous sheet removes the nonvolatile constituents still associated with the crease the stillness thereo wide surface, evaporating rom said surface sulficient of the volatile constituents of the:

solution to render themass highly viscous placing said mass between the, electrodes 0 an electrolytic cell for the deposition of the 00 per, and then d log the mass.

The method 0 treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolvin cellulosic material in a metal-compoun solution solvent thereof, subiecting'the cellulose solution to eve. oration to increase the viscosity thereof on passing an electrol ic current through the viscous cellulose so ution to remove solvent constituents therefrom.

6. The method of"treating cellulosic matericl which consists in dissolving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subfooting the cellulose solution to evaporation to produce a body of substantially definite shape there-from, and subjecting said body to electrolysis in an electrolytic cell to remove solvent constituents therefrom electrolytically.

7. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolving ccllulosi'c material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting said solution to eve. oration to increase the stilfnem thereo placing the cellulose solution in an electrolytic cell between the anode and cathode thereof, with a. permeable separator between the cellulose solutionand the cathode and causing a current to pass between said electrod 5 whereby Solvent constituents are remove from the cellulose electrol icclly.

B. The met-h of treatin cellulose materinl which consists in disso ving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting said solution to evaporation to inplacin the cellulose solution in an electrolytic cel between the anode and cathode thereof, circnlntin a conducting liquid through the cell an during such circulation causing u current to pass between said electrodes whereby solvent constituents are removed from the cellulose electrol ically.

9. The method of treating cellulose matcrial which consists in dissolving cellulosic mntcrial in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting said solution to evaporation to in crease the stillness thereof, placing the cellulose solution in an electrolytic cell between the anode and cathode thorcoh circulating a. conducting liquid through the cell and durin such circulation causing curlflut to pass etweun smll electrodes whereby l vent constituents are rcmovml from the cellulose electrolytically, said Lulllllh'llllg liquid circulating in cyclic path extendin outside the ell, Lend subjecting said liquid to electrolytic current in n portion of said path outside said cell. p

10. The method of treating cellulose which consists in dissolving the cellulosic material in a metal compound solution solvent thereof, and subjectin the cellulose solution to the action of an e ectrolytic current between electrodes in an electrolytic cell while simulating a conducting liquid thro h the ccll in a cyclic nth to remove solvent metal from, the cello use and cause it to be deposited on one of the electrodes, and subjecting the conducting liquid to electrolysis between electrodes in another part of the cyclic ath to remove remaining solventmetal t erefrom before it returns to the said cell.

11. The method of treatin cellulose which consists in dissolvin the lulosic material in a metal com un solution solvent thereof, end subjectin the cellulose solution to the action of an e ectrol ic current between electrodes in an electro ytic cell while circulstin a conducting liquid through the cell in at eye ic path to remove solvent metal from the cellulose and cause it to be deposited on one of the electrodes and subjecting the conductin liquid to electrolysis between electrodes n1 another part of the cyclic path to remove remaining solvent metal therefrom before it returns to the said cell, the cellulose solution being separated from the anode of said cell by a permeable separator.

12. The method of treatin cellulose which consists in dissolvi the co ulosic material in a metal compoun solution solvent thereof, and subjecting the cellulose solution to the action of an electrol ic current between electrodes in an electro {tic cell while circuleting a conducting iquid through the cell in a cyclic nth to remove solvent metal from the cellu con and cause it to be deposited on one of the electrodes, and sub-V Lectlng the conducting liquid to electrolysis etweeh electrodes in another part of the cyclic cth to remove remaining solvent metal tlierefrom before it returns to the said cell, the cellulose solution being separated Til ill

from the anode of said cell by a permeable treating cellulosic material which consists in dimolving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiffness thereof, subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation and then subjecting it to electrolytic action.

15. The method of treating eellulosic material which consists in dissolvingcellulosic material in a metal compound solvent solution thereof, subjecting a: sheetor layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiffness thereof, subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation to produce a. graining effect in the sheet or layer and subjecting the same to electrolysis.

16. The method of treatin cellulosic material which consists in disso ving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to on oration to increase the stiffness thereof, su jecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation to produce a graining effect in the sheet or layer and treating it electrolytically.

17. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolving cellulosic material in a metal conpound solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stillness thereof, and subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation to pr0duce a graining effect in the sheet or layer, and passing electrolytic current through the sheet or layer whereby the solvent metal is removed therefrom electrolytically.

1B. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolving oellulosic material in a solvent thereof containing plural metal compounds and then re moving solvent constituents from the cellulose.

19. The method of treatin oellulosic material whieh consists in disso vin'gcellulosic material in a solvent thereof containing plural metal compounds and subjecting the cellulose solution (o-electrolytic action to remove solvent constituents therefrom electrolytically.

20. The method of forming cellulose bodies which consists in' applying a solution of cellulosic material to an anode surface having a predetermined design thereon and subjecting the solution to electrolysis to re move solvent constituents therefrom.

In testimony whereof we hereunto afiix our signatures.

EDWIN TAYLOR. EDWARD F. CHANDLER. THOMAS A. HILL.

material which consists in dimolving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiff- 5 ness thereof, subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation and then subjecting it to electrolytic action.

15. The method of treatin cellulosic material which consists in disso ving cellulosic material in a metal compound solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiffness thereof, subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after artial evaporation to produce a graining e ect in the sheet or layer and subjecting the same to electrolysis.

16. The method of treatin cellulosic material which consists in disso ving cellulosic material in a solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of the cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiffness thereof, sub'ecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar a ter partial evaporation to produce a graining effect in the sheet or layer and treating it electrolytically.

17. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolving cellulosic material in a metal conpound solvent solution thereof, subjecting a sheet or layer of cellulose solution to evaporation to increase the stiffness thereof, and subjecting the sheet or layer to shock or jar after partial evaporation to produce a graining effect in the sheet or layer, and passing an electrolytic current through the sheet or layer w ereby the solvent metal is removed therefrom electrolytically.

18. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolving cellulosic material in a solvent thereof containing plural metal compounds and then removing solvent constituents from the cellulose.

19. The method of treating cellulosic material which consists in dissolvingcellulosic material in a solvent thereof containing plural metal compounds and subjecting the cellulose solution to electrolytic action to remove solvent constituents therefrom electrolytically.

20. The method of forming cellulose bodies which consists in applying a solution of cellulosic material to an anode surface having a predetermined design thereon and subjecting the solution to electrolysis to remove solvent constituents therefrom.

In testimony whereof we hereunto aiiix our signatures.

EDWIN TAYLOR. EDWARD F. CHANDLER. THOMAS A. HILL.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION.

Pa tent No. 1, 590, 596,

granted June 29, 1926.

to EDWIN TAYLOR ET AL.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the shove mentioned pstent requiring correction as follows: Page 3. line 26, for the misspelled word "upport" read "support"; page 4, line 116, for "produced" resd "produced"; page 5, line 99; for "mide" read "wide"; and that the said Letters Patent should he read with these corrections therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 8th day of March, A. D. 1927.

Seal.

II. J. Moore. Acting Commissioner of Patents.

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION.

Patent No. 1,590,596, granted June 29, 1926.

to EDWIN TAYLOR ET AL.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above mentioned patent requiring correction as follows: Page 3. line 26, for the misspelled word "upport" read "support"; page 4, line 116, for "predueed" read "produced"; page 5, line 99, for "mide" read "wide"; and that the said Letters Patent should be read with these corrections therein that the some may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office.

Signed and sealed this 8th day of March, A. D. 1927.

M. J. Moore. Seal. Acting Commissioner of Patents. 

